A hydrocarbon is a compound made up of hydrogen and carbon, and a saturated hydrocarbon is one in which the carbon atoms are linked by a single simple bond. A saturated hydrocarbon is unreactive, but when another "atom" or "group of atoms" is introduced, the resulting molecule becomes highly reactive. The other 'atom' or 'group of atoms' in a carbon compound is called a functional group. The various functional groups are discussed below.
What are functional groups?
A functional group is an atom or a group of atoms that makes a carbon compound or an organic compound reactive and determines its properties.
Functional groups are atoms within molecules that have distinct properties, independent of the other atoms in the molecule. In organic chemistry, functional groups are the substituent atoms or groups of atoms that are attached to certain molecules. A functional group is a group of atoms or bonds within a substance that is responsible for the various chemical reactions of the substance. Halo group, alcohol group, aldehyde group, ketone group, carboxylic acid group, alkene group, alkyne group are some of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The following parts walk through each of these groups.
mixed group
Depending on whether the chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom is attached to a carbon atom of the organic compound, the halo group can be chlorine (-Cl), bromine (-Br), or iodine (-I). Since the elements chloro, bromo, and iodo are collectively known as halogen, the chloro, bromo, and iodo groups are called halo groups and are denoted by the symbol -X. As chloromethane (CH3-Cl) has the chlorine group, bromomethane (CH3-Br) contains the bromo group and iodomethane (CH3-I) contains the iodo group, the halo group can be found in chloromethane, bromomethane and iodomethane. The halogen group is another name for the halo group. The halo group is short for the halogen group.
Haloalkanes are formed when a hydrogen atom in an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom. Haloalkanes have the general formulaCnorteH2n+1X, where X represents the halogens. R-X is the formula for haloalkanes, where R is an alkyl group and X is the halogen atom. Halogen atoms (Cl, Br, or I) serve as the heteroatom in haloalkanes.
alcoholic group
An oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom join to form the alcohol group (-OH). The alcoholic or hydroxyl group is another name for the alcohol group. Alcohols are organic compounds that include the alcohol group. Any class of organic compound that includes one or more hydroxyl (OH) groups attached to an alkyl carbon atom is an alcoholic group.
Alcohols are organic water (H2O) derivatives in which one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by an alkyl group, often represented by R in organic structures.
The ethyl group, for example, is the alkyl group in ethanol C2H5OH (or ethyl alcohol). Alcohol is produced by replacing a hydroxyl group with a hydrogen atom in an alkane. The homologous series of alcohols has the general formulaCnorteH2n+1OH.
Among the most common organic compounds are alcohols. They are used as sweeteners and in the manufacture of perfumes, as well as being important intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds. They are also among the most produced organic chemicals in the industry. Ethanol and methanol (or methyl alcohol) are two of the best known alcohols.
aldehyde group
A carbon atom, a hydrogen atom, and an oxygen atom come together to form the aldehyde group (-CHO). Any organic compound in which a carbon atom has a double bond with an oxygen atom, a single bond with a hydrogen atom, and a single bond with another atom or group of atoms (designated R in general chemical formulas and structure diagrams ) is called an organic compound. aldehyde.
All aldehydes contain the carbonyl group, which is a double bond between carbon and oxygen.
Aldehydes have the general molecular formulaCnorteH2nO, where n is the number of carbon atoms in a molecule. Many aldehydes have pleasant aromas and are created by dehydrogenation (removal of hydrogen) from alcohols, from which the term "aldehyde" is derived. The two simple aldehydes are formaldehyde HCHO also known as methanal and acetaldehyde CH3CHO also known as ethanal.
ketone group
A carbon atom and an oxygen atom form the ketone group (-CO-). The presence of a carbonyl group, in which the carbon atom is covalently bonded to an oxygen atom, distinguishes the ketone from other organic molecules. The carbon atom is attached by a double bond to the oxygen atom. Alkyl groups or hydrocarbon radicals (R) form the two remaining bonds.
Since a ketone group is always found in the middle of a carbon chain, a ketone must have at least three carbon atoms in its molecules, one carbon atom from the ketone group and two carbon atoms on each side. Ketones with fewer than three carbon atoms aren't really possible.
The ketone has the general molecular formulaCnorteH2nOwhere n is the number of carbon atoms in a molecule. The simplest ketone is acetone CH3ROJO3, also known as propanone. The physiological effects of ketone molecules are significant. They can be present in a variety of sugars, as well as pharmaceutical chemicals, such as natural and synthetic steroid hormones. The anti-inflammatory drug cortisone contains three groups of ketones in its molecules.
Carboxylic acid group
A carboxylic acid is an organic molecule with a carbon atom (C) double bonded to an oxygen atom (O) and a hydroxyl group (OH) single bonded. The carbon atom is attached to a hydrogen atom (H) or other univalent combining group by a fourth bond. The carbonyl (C=O) and hydroxyl (-OH) groups form three carboxyl (-COOH) groups.
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Carboxylic acids, commonly known as organic acids, are organic molecules that include the carboxylic acid group. Carboxylic acids are sometimes known as alkanoic acids.
The homologous series of carboxylic acids has the general formulaR-COOH, where R represents an alkyl group. acetic acid CH3COOH, also known as ethanoic acid, is the most common carboxylic acid. Acidity is the most important chemical property of carboxylic acids. They are more acidic than other organic compounds with hydroxyl groups, but less acidic than known mineral acids.
Alkene and alkyne groups
The alkene group is a carbon-carbon double bond. The alkene group is present in ethene and propylene, among others. Compounds that contain the alkene group are known as alkenes. The homologous series of alkenes has the general formulaCnorteH2n, where n is the number of carbon atoms in a molecule.
The alkyne group is a carbon-carbon triple bond. The alkyne group is present in ethyne and propyne, among others. Compounds that contain the alkyne group are known as alkynes. The homologous series of alkynes has the general formulaCnorteH2n-2, where n is the number of carbon atoms in a molecule.
sample questions
Question 1: Write the molecular formula for the Alcohol group of 4 carbon atoms.
Respondedor:
The molecular formula of the alcohol group is CnorteH2n+1Oh. If there are 4 carbon atoms then n = 4 that means C4H2(4)+1OH o C4H9Oh. So the required molecular formula is C4H9OH
Question 2: Can compound C2H4Or be a group of ketones?
Respondedor:
A ketone must have at least three carbon atoms in its molecules, one carbon atom from the ketone group and two carbon atoms on each side. Ketones with fewer than three carbon atoms aren't really possible. In the given compound, we have 2 carbon atoms, so it is not a ketone group.
Question 3: What is the molecular formula of the aldehyde derived from butane?
Respondedor:
Aldehydes have the general molecular formula CnorteH2nOr, where n is the number of carbon atoms in a molecule. as butane C4H10has 4 carbon atoms, so n=4, that means C4H2(4)oh you4H8O. Therefore, the molecular formula of the aldehyde that is derived from butane is C4H8o
Question 4: Identify the functional group present in compound C3H8o
Respondedor:
No C nut compound3H8Or, the number of carbon atoms is 3, so n=3. First check if it meets the molecular formula of alcohol, aldehyde, ketone or carboxylic acids. Since it has only one oxygen atom, it cannot be a carboxylic group. Alcohol has the general molecular formula CnorteH2n+1OH, where n is the number of carbon atoms in a molecule. Put n=3 in this formula, we get C3H2(3)+1OH o C3H7OH o C3H8Which corresponds to the given compound. Therefore, the given compound has alcohol as a functional group.
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Question 5: Write the molecular formula for the alkene group and the alkyne groups that contain 5 carbon atoms.
Respondedor:
Since there are 5 carbon atoms, then n = 5. Alkenes have the general formula CnorteH2n, where n is the number of carbon atoms in a molecule. Put n = 5 in this formula, C5H2(5)o c5H10.
Alkynes have the general formula CnorteH2n-2, where n is the number of carbon atoms in a molecule. Put n = 5 in this formula, so C5H8o c5H8.
Therefore, the molecular formula for the alkene group is C5H10and the alkyne group is C5H8.
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